ABSTRACT
The study was performed to clear the optimal frequency of jogging for the senior subject. The subject had run for 23 years, from 1971 to 1994. The distance of jogging was 5 km a day. It increased to 25 km during the 3 months immediately before the 17 th Honolulu Marathon. The electro cardiogram, and biochemical analysis of blood had been measured for 23 years. Annual total distance was 800±50 (mean±SD) km from 1971 to1984, and 300±20 km from 1985 to 1992. A decrease in the distance of jogging ws due to a change in the frequency of jogging from four times per week to one time per 5 days. Arrhythmia, an abnormal finding of blood biochemical analysis, and change in body weight were not observed after the decrease in frequency of jogging. It was suggested that the optimal froquency of jogging may be one time per 5 days for the present subject.
ABSTRACT
A study was performed to investigate the effects of exercise and <I>Spirulina platensis</I> (SPL) intake on the hapten specific immune response of growing mice.<BR>Male BALB/C mice aged five weeks were divided into 6 groups : Group A was a control group given a normal diet ; group B, sedentary with a normal diet ; group C, exercise with a normal diet ; group D, control with SPL diet ; group E, sedentary with a SPL diet ; group F, exercise with a SPL diet. The mice in groups C and F were trained by swimming for about 30 min 4 times a week for 5 weeks. The SPL diet was a mixture of SPL (20%) and the normal diet (80%) . At 4 weeks after the experiment, the mice belonging to groups B, C, E and F were sensitized with 1% toluene-2, 4-diisocyanate (TDI) . Five days after sensitization, TDI was painted on the ears of the mice, and delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) was evaluated by measuring the ear thickness at 24 h later as an index. After this evaluation, the body weights of the mice, the weights of the thymus and spleen, and serum TDI-specific IgG antibody levels as an index of humoral immunity, were measured.<BR>In the mormal diet groups, the highest DTH reaction was shown in the exercise group, followed by the sedentary group. On the other hand, the DTH reactions in the SPL diet groups were significantly suppressed in both the sedentary and exercise groups. However, a slightly higher DTH reaction was shown in the exercise group than in the sedentary group. Body weights of mice in the exercise groups receiving both the normal and SPL diets were suppressed in comparison with the control and sedentary groups. Although increased spleen weights were shown in all the sensitized groups, thymus weights in the 6 groups were not changed. TDI-specific IgG antibody levels were also not changed in any of the TDI sensitized groups.<BR>From these results, the SPL diet seemed to effectively suppress the DTH reaction, and might be effective for treatment of various types of contact hypersensitivity which are currently the focus of clinical attention.
ABSTRACT
A study was performed to investigate the effects of exercise and <I>Spirulina platensis</I> (SPL) intake on the hapten specific immune response of growing mice.<BR>Male BALB/C mice aged five weeks were divided into 6 groups : Group A was a control group given a normal diet ; group B, sedentary with a normal diet ; group C, exercise with a normal diet ; group D, control with SPL diet ; group E, sedentary with a SPL diet ; group F, exercise with a SPL diet. The mice in groups C and F were trained by swimming for about 30 min 4 times a week for 5 weeks. The SPL diet was a mixture of SPL (20%) and the normal diet (80%) . At 4 weeks after the experiment, the mice belonging to groups B, C, E and F were sensitized with 1% toluene-2, 4-diisocyanate (TDI) . Five days after sensitization, TDI was painted on the ears of the mice, and delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) was evaluated by measuring the ear thickness at 24 h later as an index. After this evaluation, the body weights of the mice, the weights of the thymus and spleen, and serum TDI-specific IgG antibody levels as an index of humoral immunity, were measured.<BR>In the mormal diet groups, the highest DTH reaction was shown in the exercise group, followed by the sedentary group. On the other hand, the DTH reactions in the SPL diet groups were significantly suppressed in both the sedentary and exercise groups. However, a slightly higher DTH reaction was shown in the exercise group than in the sedentary group. Body weights of mice in the exercise groups receiving both the normal and SPL diets were suppressed in comparison with the control and sedentary groups. Although increased spleen weights were shown in all the sensitized groups, thymus weights in the 6 groups were not changed. TDI-specific IgG antibody levels were also not changed in any of the TDI sensitized groups.<BR>From these results, the SPL diet seemed to effectively suppress the DTH reaction, and might be effective for treatment of various types of contact hypersensitivity which are currently the focus of clinical attention.
ABSTRACT
This study was performed to investigate the exercise-induced stress in growing state in order to prevent the death during or after exercise. Thirty eight male and female subjects in junior high school were administered 5 minutes running test for 3 succesive years. Heart rate, blood pressure, electrocardiogram, and blood biochemical components were measured before and after 5 minutes running test. Prior to 5 minutes running test the investigation of the number of food intake and total steps a day were performed. The results obtained were as follows;<BR>1) After 5 minutes running test, the subjects who had larger increment in CK-MB/ CK ratio walked fewer steps a day and had fewer number of food intake. And they had more drinks, especially juices.<BR>2) In female subjects an excess of body fat was not a risk factor, but not in male subjects.<BR>3) The subjects, who had larger increment in body fat than in body weight, tended to become higher levels in blood pressure and heart rate in resting than others.<BR>4) The subjects, who walked more longer in 2 nd grade than 1 st grade in junior high school, tended to decrease the increment of heart rate before to immediately after 5 minutes running test.<BR>5) Blood biochemical components were normal even if electrocardiogram was abnormal.<BR>6) At 24 hours after 5 minutes running test, CK-MB/CK ratio and serum lipoperoxide levels increased and serum protein and albumin levels defreased in 3 rd grade in junior high school.<BR>Consequently in order to prevent the death during or after exercise the investigation of food intake, total steps a day, and body fat must be administered before exercise sufficiently. And then electrocardiogram and blood biochemical components, especially CK-MB activity must be checked before, during, and after exercise testing.
ABSTRACT
The inter of this study was to observe the effects of training on histochemical and biochemical properties in the skeletal muscle fibers.<BR>Wistar strain albino rats were assigned to endurance (E), sprint (S) and control (C) group at 4 weeks old. Animals of trained groups were trained by treadmill for 12 weeks. After training, all animals were sacrificed and M. Soleus (SOL) and M. Extensor Digitorum Longus (EDL) were taken out.<BR>Using histochemical staining methods for Hematoxylin and Eosin, Actomyosin ATPase and Succinate Dehydrogenase (SDH), area and composition of the three muscle fiber types were examined. Furthermore, the chemical properties of glycolytic and oxidative enzyme activities were examined.<BR>The results obtained were as follows:<BR>1. The E and S trained groups, respectivelly, showed lower increase of body weight than the control group.<BR>2. Hypertrophy of all fiber types in EDL were observed in the both trained groups. Area of SO fibers in SOL were also increased in the E group as compared to the C group.<BR>3. The differences observed for fiber composition among the three groups. The rate of FOG fiber in SOL decreased significantly in the both trained groups as compared to the C group. The rate of SO fiber in both muscles were slightly higer for the E group relative to the C Group, but these differences were no significant. However, in the E group significant increase was observed for oxidative enzyme activity. The Phosphofructo-kinase activity in EDL of the S group was significantly higher in comparison to the other groups.<BR>These results suggested that there is the discrepancy between histochemical proper-ties and biochemical properties in the effects of training on skeletal muscle fibers and that the necessity of histochemical and biochemical analysis.
ABSTRACT
This study was performed to investigate the optimal frequency of jogging in order to prescribe a jogging to myself as the subject. The program of jogging training was composed of two parts; I) jogging about 4 km 4 days a week for 12.5 years (having started from age of 50 years old), and then stop jogging for about 6 weeks, and II) jogging once a 5 days for 1 year. Blood pressure, blood components and the frequency of arrhythmias appearance were measured and discussed.<BR>After 4 years from starting jogging at age of 50 years old, ventricular premature contraction (VPC) was observed, and then after 10 years VPC, including multifocal VPC, couplets and 3 consecutive VPC was observed frequently, especially after jogging. Therefore, jogging was stopped for about 6 weeks. In 2 nd part of jogging, no arrhythmias appeared in jogging once a 5 days. The recordings of blood pressure and blood components were normal and exercise-induced stress by a low frequency of jogging didn't increase.<BR>Consequently it should be suitable to prescribe a jogging once a 5 days to myself.
ABSTRACT
The present study was performed to investigate the effects of 120 km walking, 40 km a day for 3 successive days on the condition that taking rest and foods freely, upon physical functions for healthy male and female subjects. All measurements were enforced at postabsorptive state early in the morning for the 10 successive days including the days of walking. Blood pressure, heart rate, and body weight were measured every morning. Blood samplings enforced, too. Urine collections were enforced from first day to 7 th day. The results obtained were as follows;<BR>1) There were no changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and body weight, which were measured early in the morning, before and after 120 km walking.<BR>2) Serum GOT and GPT activities had little changes, while serum LDH, α-HBDH, and CK activities increased gradually after walking.<BR>3) Serum CK-MB activities, which indicate myocardial injury, increased after walking, on the contrary CK-MB/CK ratio decreased. It was suggested that effects of 120km walking to myocardium were rather than slight ones.<BR>4) In spite of the same sorce in which serum CK-MB and LDH-1 were resulted, both did'nt exhibit same patterns in serum.<BR>5) Serum lipids decreased gradually after walking.<BR>6) Urinary excretion of creatinine and uric acid increased after 120km walking especially.<BR>7) If it is allowed to take sufficient foods and rest, 120km walking, 40km a day for 3 successive days, would not result in such a physical stress over the following days.
ABSTRACT
Effects of taurine on the functions of the body and metabolism with 3km running upon taking a diet, which is constituted of lowest possible amount of carbohydrate and highest possible amount of fat and protein, were investigated in 25 male and female subjects of age thirties by double blind test method. The results were as follows<BR>1) Taurine administration (T. A.) proved to inhibit the degree of increase in heart rate and increase the maximal degree of pulse pressure in response to 3 km running.<BR>2) T. A. proved to inhibit the degree of increase in serum creatine kinase isozyme MB (CK-MB) activities and CK-MB/CK ratio.<BR>3) T. A. proved to inhibit the decrease of serum total protein values immediately before running and in the following morning. Similar trends in terms of the particuler times were observed, too, in the case of the degree of decrease of serum triglycerides values.<BR>4) T. A. seemed to accelerate the utilization of saturated fatty acids especially.<BR>5) Three kilometer running seemed to increase in serum taurine concentrations from several hours after running to the morning immediately after running.
ABSTRACT
Effects of 5 km running upon taking a low-carbohydrate, high-fat and protein diet on the body, in fourteen healthy young males and three healthy young females, all being affected by taurine inducement, were investigated by double blind test method. The results obtained were as follows ;<BR>1) As to the degree of in heart rate upon 5 km running, in males, there were no differences between taurine administration group (M-group) and placebo administration group (P-group) . But in females, recordings in P-group were much larger than those of M-group.<BR>2) As to the degree of increase in systolic blood pressure upon 5 km running, in males, no differences between both groups were observed, but in females, recordings in P-group were larger than those of M-group.<BR>3) Both serum creatine kinase (CK) and creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB) activities did not recover to pre-exercise levels during 3 days after 5 km running in both groups of both sexes.<BR>4) In the rate of CK-MB against CK, not only P-group of females had extraordinary high levels immediately after 5 km running, but also P-group of both sexes had higher levels on 3rd and 5th day after 5 km runnning than M-group.<BR>5) In both sexes P-group was larger than M-group in the degree of increase in blood lactate and serum triglyceride levels.<BR>6) As to the changes in serum total protein levels, in males, no differences between both groups were observed, but in females, P-group had extraordinary low levels on 1st day after 5 km running and maintained low levels during 5 days recovery.<BR>7) As to the changes in both serum total fatty acids levels and the rate of unsaturated fatty acids against total fatty acids, no differences were observed between both groups of both sexes.<BR>8) As to the degree of increase in plasma noradrenalin and adrenalin levels, in males, no differences between both groups were observed, but in females, recordings in M-group were larger than those of P-group.
ABSTRACT
The present study was performed to investigate the effect of long distance walking upon physical functions for healthy male subjects. The first experiment was carried out in 1977, the second, in 1978, and the third, in 1979 in each autum season. At the first experiment, subjects began walking upon having breakfast, then ate and drank noting during first 30km, and took some foods during another 26km. Twelve hours and fifty minutes of time was spent for 56km walking including 15, 60, and 30 minutes rest periods in between. In the second experiment, subjects ate nothing after dinner of the previous evening and 35km walking took 6 hours during which some rest periods were taken for blood sampling. The third was 80km walking for two days. Subjects walked 40km in 8 hours in the first day and on the following day they walked 40km in ten hours and twenty minutes. They took foods and rest freely.<BR>From the view points of the changes in blood and urinary recordings obtained from those three experiments, the influences of long distance walking on the body indicate as follows ;<BR>1) In case of long distance walking while nothing to eat and drink, the rate of serum saturated fatty acids composition decreased and unsaturated fatty acids increased.<BR>2) In a fasting state, blood glucose gradually decreased, LDH activity increased and blood lactate, GOT and GPT activity presented no significant changes on long distance walking.<BR>3) It was shown that the longer distance to walk, the lesser tendency in blood triglyceride even though subjects take a carbohydrate rich diet while walking.<BR>4) In fasting state, less than 35km walking without foods, the stress to the body seemed not to be critical.<BR>5) More than 40km walking in a day, even though taking meals, would result a significantly severe stress for body.<BR>6) As long as usual meals are taken, 80km walking for two days continuously, 40km in each day, would not result in such a physical stress over the following days.
ABSTRACT
Uninterrupted recordings of grip strength were measured in the male and female physical education students, university sports club members, middle-aged physical laborers and clerks, and young weight-lifters. The results were as follows ;<BR>1) In the rate of supporting of uninterrupted measurements of grip strength, recordings among the males were greater than females. But, there were no differences between the recordings in the rate of supporting at morning and at evening.<BR>2) In the university sports club members, the rate of supporting of Basketball club members were the most, Judo, the medium, Volleyball, Tennis, and others, the least.<BR>3) Among the middle-aged subjects, the rate of supporting of uninterrupted measurements of grip strength indicate high in physical laborers and low in the clerks.<BR>4) The rate of supporting of uninterrupted measurements of grip strength in youngweight-lifters was smaller than in well trained weight-lifters.<BR>5) By the comparison between right and left recordings in the rate of supporting of uninterrupted measurements of grip strength, certain tendencies were observed in some sports, but, not greater than differences among some sports. Certain individual, however, indicate great differences between right and left recordings.<BR>6) No significant correlations between maximum grip strength and rate of supporting of uninterrupted measurements were observed.
ABSTRACT
Effects of sit-up exercise in the healthy adults to the point of exhaustion on the respiratory-circulatory functions and oxygen consumption were studied in thirtyone males and thirtysix females whose age varied between twenty and thirtyf our years old. The subjects were classified into two groups, the superior and the inferior, according to the number of sit-ups to reach the exhaustion point. Collected vallues were compared between the pre-exercise and the post-exercise records. The results were as follows ;<BR>1) No sex differences in the inferior group were found in the degree of increase in systolic pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate.<BR>2) In the superior group, no sex difference was found in the degree of increase in respiration rate, but male subjects were greater than female subjects in the degree of increase in both systolic pressure and heart rate.<BR>3) In males, when the superior subjects were compared with the inferior subjects, the former were greater than the latter in the degree of increase in both systolic pressure and heart rate, but in females no differences were found.<BR>4) In males the more the degree of increase in blood pressure, the more the degree of increase in heart rate. In contrast with males, in females there were no relation between them were observed.<BR>5) It was recognized that relative metabolic rate varied in values from 4.7-13.5 and there was a tendency among the inferior subjects to have a large relative metabolic rate.
ABSTRACT
Effects of 20km running uppn taking a low-carbohydrate, high-fat and protein diet on the changes in blood pressure, heart rate, body weight, skinf old thickness, blood components and urinary recordings in five healthy young men were investigated and the changes in these items which occured by taurine inducement were studied by double blind test method. The results were as follows:<BR>1) As to the degree of decrease in body weight in 20km running, the case in taurine administration (T. A.) was more than in placebo administration (P. A.) .<BR>2) As to the degree of increase in systolic pressure upon 20km running, T. A. was less than P. A. 3) The rate of creatine kinase isozyme (CK-MB) against creatine kinase (CK), which increased after 20km running in P. A., was possible to reduce by T. A.<BR>4) T. A. was less than P.A. in the rate of increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) on 20km running.<BR>5) In P. A., triglyceride increased after 20km running, but in T. A., it decreased.<BR>6) T. A, much influenced the rate of individual fatty acid composition on 20km running<BR>7) T. A, was more than P. A. in the secretion of adrenaline on 20km running.<BR>8) No changes were observed in other blood components and urinary kallikrein.
ABSTRACT
The variation of venous concentration of FFA as the effect of exercise under several nutritive conditions were tested on two subjects, <I>i, e</I>., 56 years old male and 20 years old female.<BR>Arrhythmia were recorded when sudden increase in palmitoleic acid in venous concentration was observed, while no arrhythmia were recorded otherwise. Arrtythmia seemed to have been prevented by intaking glucose prior to exercise.<BR>It was also observed that arrhythmia would easily be produced by sudden uprise of palmitoleic acid under hunger after low carbohydrate nutrition.
ABSTRACT
Before and after the physical fitness tests included 1000 meter endurable walking, aged males and females more than 61 to 80 years old were tested on the blood pressure, heart rate and blood components. The results were as follows.<BR>1) The systolic and diastolic blood pressure were not varied so distinctly.<BR>2) Heart rates were increased in all groups.<BR>3) Serum cholesterol, GOT and GPT were not influenced.<BR>4) Fatty acid, especially unsaturated one, was increased remarkably.<BR>5) Fatty acid increasing observed on excellent performer of the endurable walking was higher than that of poor performer.<BR>6) Increasing ratio of the fatty acid which was found on the subjects with abnormal ECG was higher than that of the subjects with normal ECG.<BR>As above mentioned facts, the test of serum fatty acid seemed very important item to the aged people from the view point of security of the exercise.
ABSTRACT
Venous concentration of lysine and other 16 amino acids were determined in healthy 5 male 20-22 years of age subjects in the resting state, after 2 min from bigining of exercise, immediatetly after all-out exercise and 30 min after of the exercise with a bicycle ergometer at work intensities which will be fell into all-out in about 6 or 7 min.<BR>During 2 min exercise lysine only was increased, no change of glycine and puoline were observed and other amino acids were decreased. At the point of all out increase of threonine, lysine and histidine were observed, compared with resting state<BR>Alanine concentration at 30 min after of all out exercise was very high than that of resting state and same tendency but a little was observed on lysine. Other amino acids were decreased.<BR>A risk connected with exercise was discussed from the data of lysine obserbed high concentration during two min exercise concerning with the variation of other amino acids by the all-out exercise.
ABSTRACT
The remarkable increase of branched amino acid and pretty decrease of lysine venous concentration were observed in healthy nine male and female adults by the brief fast.<BR>The increase of branched amino acid wasn't able to find by the various exercise generally. The increase of lysine venous concentration was found after the running more than 10km frequently.<BR>Only on the subjects of 44 and 55 years of age, the increase of branched chain amino acid and lysine were observed by the running. It looks like have to take precautions that aged people run under the conditions of empty stomach.
ABSTRACT
Influence of the all out exercise by the bicycle ergometer, all out exercise by the treadmill and the 5000 meter track running on the venous and urine concentrations of amino acid with healthy male and female subjects (include junior high school boys) were tested. The subject who was observed remarkable rise in his venous concentrations of amino acids was not always rose in his urine concentration of that.<BR>Generally, increasing ratio of serum alanine concentration was small and both the serum concntrations of essential and non-essential amino acids were reduced. On the several subjects increase of essential amino acids especially branched chain amino acids were observed. It seemed to us the sign of proteolysis according with the exercise. Quite a few difference of the effect on the serum amino acid concentrations among the individuals are observed.
ABSTRACT
From the viewpoint that the statistically obtained standard body weight should not be identical to the ideal body weight for the individual, an experiment was undertaken, using the present investigator himself as an experimental subject. The results may be summarized as follows.<BR>The weight of the 160cm-tall subject was decreased from 83 to 56kg and it was kept unchanged for a year. Then a weight increase was attempted. From the lowest to the 63kg point, more increase in non-fat tissues than fat tissues was observed. On the other hand, from 63kg point, such tendency was reversed, i. e., little increase in non-fat tissues was found when more weight was added beyond 66kg.<BR>When a training in a form of endurance running was in process, the weight started to be lost. During this process to the point of 61.3kg of weight, the weight loss was found to be mainly by reduction in fat tissues and not in non-fat tissues. Then, beyond the 61.3kg point, the reduction in non-fat tissues seemed to be the major cause of weight loss, as little reduction in fat tissues was observed.<BR>When the recovery rate of blood sugar level upon intaking glucose after fast was examined, the greatest efficiency was obtained at the point of 62.3kg body weight. The farther the deviation of body weight was attained from this point, the worse the efficiency became to be.<BR>When long distance running training was nundertaken with less than 62kg of weight, irregular ventricular contractions and ischemic symptoms in the frontal wall of the left ventricle was recorded under certain nutritional and exercise conditions.<BR>No evidences to draw definite conclusions were obtained from the results in respiration quotient at the time of measurement of basal metabolism, changes in urinary excretions of nitrogen and creatinin, and muscular strength.<BR>From the results obtained above, the ideal body weight of the current investigator was assumed to be in between 62 and 63kg.
ABSTRACT
Thirteen healthy, untrained females whose ages varied between 37 and 44 years walked a distance of 26km rapidly on a summer day under extremely increment weather condition. Upon analyzing and reviewing anthropometrical measures, body composition, pulse rates, blood pressure and blood and urine test results, of eight subjects who successfully completed the exercise in 4 hours and 30 minutes, and of five other subjects who ceased exercise after 4 hours completing 20km walking, the followings were found.<BR>1) No significant differences in after exercise effect of heart rates. In the meantime, mean systolic blood pressure of the 26 km-walking group decreased from 131.5 mmHg at early morning fast period to 116.3 mmHg right after exercise, while the value showed no changes in the 20 km-walking group.<BR>2) The degree of increase in free fat acid (FFA) while was quite significant, was greater among 26 km walking group subjects than 20 km group. The changes in FFA recordings were considered to be indicative of active effort exerted for exercise.<BR>3) The amount of triglycelide seemed to decrease more as the time length of exercise was greater, though no correlating trend with exercise intensity.<BR>4) The amount of choresterole was observed not to be affected by exercise of less than 8 hours long.<BR>5) From the urine test result, exercise intensity was suggested to be greater in 26km walking group than 20 km group, while harmful stress was estimated to be stronger in 20 km walking group than 26 km group.<BR>6) The 20 km walking group was more influenced by blood thickening effect, increased LDH value more and showed greater decrease in blood sugar level.<BR>7) Rate of body fat among healthy middle-aged women was expected to be between 25 abd 28 per cent.